This Date in Aviation History: November 14 - November 16

"ttyymmnn" (ttyymmnn) 11/16/2018 at 12:35 • Filed to: wingspan, Planelopnik, TDIAH

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Welcome to This Date in Aviation History , getting of you caught up on milestones, important historical events and people in aviation from November 14 through November 16.

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November 16, 1970 – The first flight of the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. As passenger jet aviation gained popularity in the decade of the 1960s, increasing passenger numbers meant that the commercial airliner needed to grow in size to match demand. Aircraft such as the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! had set the standard for single-aisle airliners, and Boeing created the wide-body market with the development of the twin-aisle 747. Despite the range and capacity of the 747, American Airlines was interested in a smaller airliner that would still be capable of transatlantic operations from bases in Dallas and New York. American approached both Boeing and Lockheed, and Lockheed, long a producer of large military aircraft, saw an opportunity to stay relevant in the area of civilian transport with the development of their own !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! airliner.

Lockheed hadn’t produced a civilian airliner since the turboprop !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1957. Nevertheless, they were keen to reenter the commercial market, and originally proposed a twin-jet design, a so-called “Jumbo Twin.” But longstanding safety !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! prohibited transoceanic flights that took airliners more than 60 minutes from the closest airport, and were only waived for three-engine aircraft in 1964. So Lockheed augmented their design by adding a third engine mounted in the tail and fed by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! air intake in front of the vertical stabilizer. Compared to the similar !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which housed its third engine entirely in the tail above the fuselage, Lockheed’s arrangement reduced drag and simplified maintenance, and allowed the center engine to be serviced or replaced more easily. Lockheed entered into a partnership with Rolls-Royce to provide !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! engines which gave the L-1011 a top speed of Mach 0.95 and a cruising speed of 600 mph. The TriStar’s twin-aisle interior accommodated up to 400 passengers in a single-class configuration, and 256 passengers in a traditional mixed-class layout, more than its DC-10 competitor.

The TriStar entered service with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1972, but it was the beginning of a turbulent history for the new widebody. After helping to initiate the entire project, American opted instead to purchase the DC-10, using their reported interest in the L-1011 as leverage to force McDonnell Douglas to lower their prices. Engine supplier Rolls-Royce went into receivership in 1971, largely as a result of the enormous costs of developing the RB.211 engine. Ultimately, the British government agreed to subsidize the production of the engines, but the delay put the TriStar a year behind schedule and allowed the DC-10 to enter the market unopposed ahead of Lockheed. The original L-1011 also came in overweight, which limited its range and carrying power. And, to add yet another strike against the TriStar, a major !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! broke when it was discovered that Lockheed had bribed Japanese government officials to purchase the new airliner, leading to the arrest of the Japanese prime minister. Sales to Russia were also blocked by the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! over Soviet human rights issues. The L-1011 was also more expensive than the DC-10.

Lockheed L-1011 Stargazer mothership releasing a Pegasus rocket for testing (NASA)

Despite variants meant to make the L-1011 more marketable, Lockheed ended production in 1984 after building only 250 aircraft, needing sales of at least 500 just to break even. Though a handful of L-1011s were converted for military service with the RAF, Lockheed gave up on the TriStar and left the civilian airliner market for good. Today, and only one L-1011 remains operational, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a modified aircraft flown by Orbital Sciences as a mothership for the launch of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! rocket.  

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Short Takeoff

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November 14, 1970 – The crash of Southern Airways Flight 932, a chartered !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (N97S) flying from North Carolina to West Virginia. While conducting a nonprecision instrument landing at Tri-State Airport in Ceredo, West Virginia, the DC-9 struck trees short of the runway and crashed, killing all 75 on board, including 37 members of the Marshall University football team, along with nine coaches and 25 team boosters. Investigators determined that, during poor weather conditions, the airliner had descended below minimum altitude for unknown reasons, possibly due to a malfunctioning altimeter or the pilot’s improper interpretation of instrument data. The crash ended the school’s football program, but it was reconstituted the following year by a Marshall coach who wasn’t on the plane and fielding players from the school’s junior varsity squad. The story has been dramatized in the movies !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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Conrad standing next to Surveyor 3, with the Lunar Module in the background. (NASA)

November 14, 1969 – The launch of Apollo 12, the second manned mission to the surface of the Moon. Launched only four months after !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Mission Commander !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and Lunar Module Pilot !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! spent 31 hours on the surface of the Moon, while Command Module Pilot !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! remained in Lunar orbit. Bean was able to land the Lunar Module at the site of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!!   unmanned probe and, during two moonwalks, he and Conrad retrieved parts of the probe and returned them to Earth. They also carried the first color TV camera to the Moon, but Bean ruined the camera when he accidentally pointed it at the sun. Apollo 12 returned to Earth on November 24.

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(NASA)

November 14, 1933 – The birth of Fred Haise. Born in Biloxi, Mississippi, Haise served as a US Marine Corps fighter pilot from 1954 to 1956, but retired from active duty to complete a degree in aeronautical engineering. While serving in the Oklahoma Air National Guard, including an active duty stint during the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Haise was selected for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and flew as the Lunar Module Pilot on the ill-fated !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! mission in 1970. He was assigned as a backup on !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and scheduled to fly on Apollo 19, but the mission was canceled due to budget constraints. Following Apollo, Haise worked on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , piloting three unpowered landings of the Shuttle !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and was scheduled to fly in space on the Shuttle before delays canceled that flight as well. Haise left NASA in 1979 to work for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and retired in 1996.

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(US Library of Congress)

November 14, 1930 – The first flight of the Handley Page H.P.42, a four-engine biplane airliner that was built for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The H.P.42 had an all-metal fuselage with fabric covered wings and tail, and was designed for long-range eastern routes, while the derivative H.P.45, which carried more passengers but less baggage, was designed for European routes. Four of each type were constructed, and were given the mythological and historical names of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Five of the aircraft were lost to crashes or other incidents, but the remaining three flew long enough to be pressed into service in the early days of WWII, but all had been to mishaps lost by 1940.

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(NASA)

November 14, 1930 – The birth of Edward White, an aeronautical engineer, US Air Force pilot, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. White was born in San Antonio, Texas and attended the US Military Academy. Following graduation, he was commissioned in the US Air Force and served as a fighter pilot in Europe. White was chosen for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and piloted !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1965, and became the first American to walk in space. The following year, White was selected as the Senior Pilot for !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the first manned mission of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . During a ground test of the Saturn IB booster and spacecraft components, a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! engulfed the Command Module, killing White, along with astronauts !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . White was buried with full military honors at West Point Cemetery, and was posthumously awarded the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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(US Navy)

November 14, 1910 – Eugene Ely becomes the first person to take off from a ship. In 1910, the Secretary of the Navy appointed Ely, along with aviation pioneer !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , to investigate the operation of aircraft from ships. The appointment led to two experiments, the first with Ely piloting a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from a temporary runway constructed on the deck of the light cruiser !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (CL-2) anchored in Hampton Roads near Norfolk, Virginia. Two months later, Ely landed on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (ACR-4) anchored in San Francisco Bay. While neither ship was a true aircraft carrier, Ely’s achievements helped prove the feasibility of naval aviation.

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November 15, 1979 – The attempted bombing of American Airlines Flight 444. Flight 444 was regularly scheduled !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! service from Chicago to Washington, DC. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , popularly known as the “Unabomber,” had placed a bomb in the cargo hold of the aircraft and, though the bomb malfunctioned and failed to detonate, it still filled the cabin with smoke. The airliner diverted to Dulles International Airport and landed safely, though 12 passengers and crew were treated for smoke inhalation. Directed at symbols of modern technology and global industrializations, this was the second of 16 bombings that killed three people and injured 23 before Kaczinski was arrested in 1996.

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(FOTO:Fortean)

November 15, 1957 – The first flight of the Tupolev Tu-114 Rossiya , a turboprop-powered long-range airliner with swept wings developed from the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! bomber. Powered by four !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! engines turning massive, 18-foot diameter !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! propellers, the Rossiya was the fastest airliner of its day, and still holds the record as the fastest propeller-driven airliner, which it set in 1960. Capable of carrying up to 224 passengers, the Tu-114 more commonly carried 170 passengers in sleeping berths, and also included a dining lounge. The Rossiya transported over six million passengers in its 14 years of civilian service, and a total of 32 aircraft were produced from 1958 to 1963.

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(NASA)

November 15, 1929 – The first flight of the McDonnell Doodlebug, the first aircraft designed by famed aircraft designer !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Built by !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (Hamilton Standard), the Doodlebug was a two-seat, tandem monoplane designed in response to a safety contest sponsored by the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. Though ultimately unsuccessful (the competition was won by a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! biplane), McDonnell went on to become one of the great American pioneers of aviation. He founded the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in 1939 (later McDonnell Douglas), one of the major suppliers of aircraft to the US Air Force and US Navy. The Doodlebug was sold to the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (NACA) for continued research into the aircraft’s innovative !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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(NASA Illustration)

November 16, 2004 – NASA’s X-43 sets a world record speed of Mach 9.68. The X-43 is an unmanned hypersonic aircraft and part of NASA’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! which was created to test the extreme limits of air-breathing engine technology. The X-43 began its flight mated to a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! booster rocket, and both were carried aloft by a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . After separation from the mothership, the rocket motor fired then released the X-43, and the aircraft’s !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , or scramjet, was ignited. The X-43 reached a top speed of 6,598 mph, or Mach 9.68, at 110,000 feet before expending its fuel and falling into the ocean. Following the successful test program, NASA hoped to produce a two-stage-to-orbit crewed vehicle by 2024, but those plans have been shelved for now.

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(NASA)

November 16, 1973 – The launch of Skylab 4, the third manned mission to the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! orbiting space station laboratory and the final crew to man the station. Astronauts !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , each taking their first and only spaceflight, spent just over 84 days in space, completed 1,214 orbits of the Earth and spent a total of 22 hours outside the station over the course of four spacewalks. During the mission, the astronauts performed intensive photographic study of the Earth (inadvertently photographing the super-secret !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and causing a minor controversy), and also made observations of the Sun and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The crew returned to Earth on February 8, 1974, and Skylab fell from orbit in July 11, 1979.

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November 16, 1965 – The launch of Venera 3, a space probe that was built to explore the surface of Venus. Venera 3 carried radio communication equipment and scientific instruments, along with medallions that bore the Soviet !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The mission was not a success, and the probe most likely crashed on the Venusian surface, though a failure of the radios made it impossible to be certain. However, Venera 3 does have the distinction of being the first man-made spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet. Venera 3 was followed in 1967 by the successful !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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November 16, 1959 – The first flight of the Canadair CL-44 Yukon, a turboprop powered airliner and cargo aircraft that was based on the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and built in Canada. Originally designed to ferry troops and supplies for Canadian forces stationed in Europe (known as the CC-106 Yukon), the CL-44 was powered by four !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! turboprops and had a top speed of 416 mph with accommodations for up to 160 passengers. In 1961, a CL-44 set a world record with a flight from Tokyo to Ontario, a distance of 6,750 miles, and set another record for staying airborne for nearly 24 hours, a record that was unbroken until the arrival of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . A total of 39 were built and widely exported, and the type was finally retired by the RCAF in 1971.

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November 16, 1946 –The first flight of the Saab 90 Scandia. As WWII drew to a close, Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget (Swedish Aeroplane Company Limited, or !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ) turned away from producing military aircraft for the time being to create civilian airliners in order to survive financially (the same diversification also led to the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the first Saab automobile). The Scandia was developed as a domestically produced replacement for the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and it bears a striking resemblance to its American counterpart, though the Saab aircraft featured a tricycle landing gear. !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (SAS) received the first production aircraft in 1950, and 18 Scandias were built from 1946 to 1954.

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(Tim Shaffer)

November 16, 1920 – Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (Qantas) is formed. The world’s third oldest airline after !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , Qantas began service in 1920 with an !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! that seated two and now has 127 aircraft in service, from the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! up to the giant !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Following its nationalization in 1947, Qantas is now the flag carrier airline of Australia and serves 85 destinations in 14 countries from its hubs in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. Qantas made headlines in 2014 when it initiated nonstop A380 service between Sydney and Dallas/Fort Worth, the longest nonstop passenger flight at the time at 8,578 miles. With the last fatal accident suffered by Qantas occurring in 1951, the airline is known for its record of safety, and the airline has never lost a jet airliner.

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Short Takeoff

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If you enjoy these Aviation History posts, please let me know in the comments. And if you missed any of the past articles, you can find them all at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . You can also find more stories about aviation, aviators and airplane oddities at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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For Sweden > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 12:42

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Lockheed: Y our airline needs the L-1011!

Airlines: Yes!

Lockheed: None of the parts or flight training is compatible with your existing fleet!

Airlines: W ai t what

RamblinRover Luxury-Yacht > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 12:45

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Tu-114 more commonly carried 170 passengers in sleeping berths,

The mind reels at the thought of sleeping on that thing, given the levels of noise.

user314 > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 12:48

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Nope. Nopenopenope. I’d rather walk.

ADabOfOppo; Gone Plaid (Instructables Can Be Confusable) > RamblinRover Luxury-Yacht 11/16/2018 at 12:53

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Nyet, komrad. T he soothing noise and gentle vibrations remind us of the firing of machine guns whilst defending Mother Russia from the western capitalist pigs. It is easy to fall asleep knowing we have achieved the very highest in aviation technological advances. (Read in a Russian accent, obviously)

facw > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 13:13

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An image search inspired by o ne of your recent posts introduced me to the surprisingly sinister looking winged kangaroo Qantas logo:

that’s a more modern heritage livery I think (for good picture quality), here’s a historical photo:

ttyymmnn > facw 11/16/2018 at 13:17

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Interesting. I had never seen that before. Here’s a little history on the Qantas logo .

facw > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 13:21

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I’m pretty sure I mentioned this last year as well, but there is a plan to return to bring some of the retired RAF L-1011s to (sort-of) commercial service as charter tankers: Retired RAF Tristars Will Get New Lives As Contracted Aerial Refuellers

I haven’t read anything about progress since then, but g iven the rapidly aging tanker fleet, and the endless disaster that is the KC-46 program, you’d think there’d be some market (even without a boom, they could free up tankers that might otherwise be supporting Navy/Marine aircraft).

ttyymmnn > facw 11/16/2018 at 13:23

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You probably did. I was surprised to learn that private tankers existed at all. Kind of a niche market to be sure, but you’d think the gov’t would have that business sewed up.

My X-type is too a real Jaguar > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 13:29

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The 1st class cabin of the prototype L-1011 still exists and is in Delta’s museum in Atlanta they used for training and safety videos.  the museum is open to the public.

ttyymmnn > My X-type is too a real Jaguar 11/16/2018 at 13:33

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I took a tour of Delta’s Tech Ops a few years ago, but sadly did not have time to visit the museum. 

someassemblyrequired > facw 11/16/2018 at 14:06

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The plane in the first picture is nick named “Retro Roo II” but is actually named for James Strong, Qantas chairman in the late 90s. I have seen this airplane in Seattle ( was driving by Renton Municipal, and saw it go overhead, and my neck just about snapped off) . Probably about 2014?? Looks even more amazing in person. These were Qantas colors from the mid-70s to early 80s, there’s a second retro 737 in the early 707 livery.

Full of the sound of the Gran Fury, signifying nothing. > For Sweden 11/16/2018 at 16:07

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We are talking about the ‘60s here, so parts and crew commanality really weren’t an issue. The CAB set fares and there wasn’t the rush to minimize costs like in post-deregulation days. There also weren’t many aircraft to choose from: 707/727/737, DC-8/DC-9 plus a few European types that sold in small numbers in the US. There were also a number of prop jobbies, including piston- powered airliners, and Convair’s 880 and 990.

Delta, United and American all had rather diverse fleets back then. The idea of having seemingly similar aircraft (DC-8 and 720, or 707 and 990) in the fleet was not uncommon. Technology was growing by leaps and bounds every year so there wasn’t much point in hobbling new aircraft with old systems for the sake of commonality.

This was also a time of limitless customization as well. For example, some airlines wanted switches to flip forward for ‘on’, whereas others wanted a flip forward to be ‘off’. The location of almost any control could be changed to suit the customer, but later the manufacturers put an end to this, in the process cutting the time to build the aircraft as well as making resale and integration into another airline’s fleet much simpler.

The idea of parts and crew interchangability really didn’t come to the forefront until the first real post-deregulation designs, the 757 and 767, followed later by the A320/330/340 families. With modern glass cockpits it’s also much easier to incorporate avionics upgrades without major changes to the flight deck, unlike in the past where it was only something done during major overhauls, if ever.

I remember spending some time working with Air France on a maintenance project. Despite only flying a couple of variants of the same aircraft into our station, it was kind of amazing that they had different spares for almost identical aircraft. Their 777-200s were bought in a couple of different batches, and as a result they had different tires for the different groups of aircraft despite them all being the same basic type. Mind you, part of this could be attributed to the first group being specced by an airline that AF had purchased prior to the first delivery, but surprisingly they didn’t seem to be bothered enough by this to find a way to work with Boeing to make the fleets incorporate more parts  commonality and instead maintained separate spares for the different groups of aircraft.

John Norris (AngryDrifter) > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 17:31

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L- 1011 Trivia questions :

Where is the galley on an L- 1011?

John Norris (AngryDrifter) > My X-type is too a real Jaguar 11/16/2018 at 17:57

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I went there in March with the two grand daughters . I went back and reviewed my pictures and didn’t see any of an L-1011 first class mock up.  Somehow I missed that.  We did tour a 767 and a 747. The 747 first class section had the lie flat beds/ seats.

The museum was fun for me of course . But t he grand daughters had a blast too. I think t here is something special about running around inside large air planes without any seats in the coach section and not having your mother or father there to tell y ou to stop, or to calm down; just your grandfather egging you on.

ttyymmnn > John Norris (AngryDrifter) 11/16/2018 at 18:08

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Not sure. I’m going to go with somewhere under the main cabin, down with the suitcases.

Back at ya: What is a Frisbee fairing? 

John Norris (AngryDrifter) > ttyymmnn 11/16/2018 at 20:52

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Yes, the ahem, Stewardesses, brought the carts up and down in an elevator.

I have n o idea what a F risbee F airing is. I’ll be googling that now.

John Norris (AngryDrifter) > John Norris (AngryDrifter) 11/16/2018 at 20:59

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Interesting. I never noticed that fairing before. I thought the front of engine #2 always looked pretty clean with the original design. I wasn’t aware of the mod. Of course good looks and a quiet environment for the passengers doesn’t always follow . I think the fairing is kind of ugly, but it makes good sense.

pip bip - choose Corrour > ttyymmnn 11/17/2018 at 05:35

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QF32 gave Qantas one hell of a scare though

My X-type is too a real Jaguar > John Norris (AngryDrifter) 11/17/2018 at 17:28

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It looks like it’s a conference room I hanger 2 now. I went when you had to know a delta employee to get in.